Dora West

Dora West's articles

Understanding the Role of Post-Translational Modification in Protein Biology

Protein Post-Translational Modification Post-translational modification (PTM) plays a critical role in the processing and maturation of proteins. It can alter the physical and chemical properties of proteins, affecting their spatial conformation, steric hindrance, and stability. These changes can also impact the biological activity of the protein, leading to a modification of its function. Post-translational modified […]

Exploring the Vital Biological Functions of N-Terminus in Proteins and Peptides

The synthesis of proteins initiates at the N-terminus, and the sequence composition of the N-terminus plays a crucial role in determining the overall biological function of the protein. For instance, the N-terminus sequence affects the protein's half-life and influences the subcellular organelle location. Analyzing the N-terminal sequence of proteins through N-terminal sequencing can help reveal […]

The Significance of Glycan Glycosylation in Protein Modifications

Glycosylation is a crucial post-translational modification that regulates the structure and function of proteins. It involves the attachment of glycans to specific amino acid residues on the protein via enzymatic reactions. The glycan structures vary depending on the type of glycosylation and the organism, tissue, and cell type in which it occurs. In this article, […]

Accurate Mass Measurement Mass Spectrometry

With the development of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HMS) and its instruments, the qualitative and quantitative analysis of compound quality determination has received more and more attention and been widely used by researchers. Accurate quality determination is an important biochemical method for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of drugs. The accurate mass measurement method can determine […]

Protein-Protein Interaction Identification Method—Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and Pull-Down

Proteins control all biological systems in the cell. Although many proteins function independently, most proteins need to interact with other proteins to maintain complete biological activity. Therefore, in order to better understand the function and biological characteristics of intracellular proteins, researchers often need to identify and analyze protein-protein interactions. Co-immunoprecipitation and pull-down are two of […]

Investigating Polysaccharides: Methods and Protocols

Polysaccharides are made by polymerizing more than 10 monosaccharide molecules through glycosidic bonds. The molecular weight of polysaccharides is relatively large, usually consisting of hundreds or even tens of thousands of monosaccharide molecules. Polysaccharides, together with nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, are called the four basic substances of life and play important roles in many […]

Common Research Strategies for Post-Translational Modification

What is Post-Translational Modification of Proteins? Post-translational modification of proteins is a covalent process that a protein goes through during or after translation. This process changes the properties of a protein by adding one or more amino acid residues to a modification group or by proteolytically cutting the group, which is an important step in the […]

Intracellular Protein Crosslinking Detection Methods

What is Intracellular Protein Crosslinking? Intracellular protein crosslinking usually refers to the linking of two amino acids between intracellular protein molecules or within protein molecules by covalent bonds other than peptide bonds. Intracellular crosslinking is currently considered a post-translational modification of proteins. It plays an important role in the structure and function of proteins.   […]

Difference Between Exogenous and Endogenous Protein Crosslinking

What is protein cross-linking? Protein crosslinking usually refers to the joining of two amino acids in a protein by a covalent bond other than a peptide bond. Protein crosslinking includes both intermolecular and intramolecular crosslinking, which are distinguished by whether the amino acids attached at the ends of the crosslink are from the same protein. […]

Protein N-Glycosylation Analysis Strategy and Procedures

The glycan chain is located in the outermost layer of the cell and is the first molecule encountered and recognized by other cells, antibodies, invading viruses and bacteria. N-glycans regulate a wide range of cellular functions, including cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion, cell proliferation, cell survival and immune system response, by affecting protein folding, recognition, clearance, […]

What is Label-Free Quantification Technique?

The protein label-free quantification technique analyzes protein enzymatic peptide fragments by liquid-quality coupling and compares the signal intensity of the corresponding peptide fragments in different samples for relative quantification of the protein. This method is not dependent on isotope labeling and does not require expensive stable isotope labels as internal reference. The technique is now widely used […]

Protein Quantification Techniques and Their Application in Clinical Research

Representing the expression, post-translational modification, and protein-protein interaction for certain cells, tissues, or organs, proteomics has become an increasingly important means to understand the molecular mechanism and signal transduction of human disease and cancer. Protein levels in the body are in a steady state of equilibrium. Accumulation of proteins usually leads to qualitative change in […]

Peptide and Protein De Novo Sequencing by Mass Spectrometry

The method of peptide and protein de novo sequencing by mass spectrometry De novo sequencing is a method to analyze and identify peptide sequences and some post-translational modified proteins. Different from some other analysis methods, which depend on a known protein sequence database or a known mass spectrometry database, de novo sequencing uses tandem mass […]

Difference Between Gas and Liquid Chromatography

What is gas chromatography and liquid chromatography? Gas chromatography is a chromatographic method that uses gas as a mobile phase. Sample flows through the gas system and is gasified before finally entering a chromatographic column filled with a filler to achieve effective separation. Gas chromatography has the advantages of high sensitivity, small sample usage, strong […]

Protein Identification by Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Methods in protein identification Protein identification here refers to the accurate screening and identification of proteins using certain biochemical and physical methods. Traditional protein identification methods, including immunoblotting, comigration analysis of known or unknown proteins, and chemical sequencing of endopeptides, are complicated, time-consuming, and less accurate.   Protein identification methods have evolved from the image analysis […]

Peptide and Protein De Novo Sequencing by Mass Spectrometry

The method of peptide and protein de novo sequencing by mass spectrometry De novo sequencing is a method to analyze and identify peptide sequences and some post-translational modified proteins. Different from some other analysis methods, which depend on a known protein sequence database or a known mass spectrometry database, de novo sequencing uses tandem mass spectrometry […]

Gas Chromatography vs. Liquid Chromatography

What is gas chromatography and liquid chromatography? Gas chromatography is a chromatographic method that uses gas as a mobile phase. The sample flows through the gas system and is gasified before finally entering a chromatographic column filled with a filler to achieve effective separation. Gas chromatography has the advantages of high sensitivity, small sample usage, strong […]

Introduction to Protein Digestion—In-Gel or In-Solution

The most common endoprotease used for protein digestion is serine protease trypsin, which produces peptides that are highly amenable to MS/MS analysis. Depending on the preceding workflow, the enzymatic digestion of proteins is performed either in-gel or in-solution. Generally, the in-gel digestion methodology has become routine for proteins separated by 2-D electrophoresis while in-solution digestion […]

Introduction to Protein Digestion: In-Gel or In-Solution

Among the endoproteases used for protein digestion, serine protease trypsin is the most common one, as it generates peptides that are highly amenable to MS analysis. Depending on the preceding workflow, the enzymatic digestion of proteins is performed either in-gel or in-solution. Generally, the in-gel digestion methodology has become routine for proteins separated by 2-D […]

Mitochondrial Proteins

Mitochondria are dynamic organelles with bilayer membranes. Mitochondria have multiple functions, not only providing energy to cells through oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP, but also involved in regulating processes such as calcium homeostasis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, cellular stress response and cell death. Mitochondria play a key role in maintaining cellular health and viability, […]

Cytokine Storms and Viral Infections

Cytokines are small soluble proteins that are secreted by immune cells and tissue cells to play a regulatory role between cells, including interferon (IFN), interleukin (IL), chemokines, colony-stimulating factors (CSF), tumor necrosis factors (TNF) and so on. Cytokines function in autocrine, paracrine or endocrine forms, and can regulate cell growth and differentiation, modulate immune response […]

Introduction and Detection Methods for Phytochemicals

What Are Phytochemicals? Phytochemicals are natural compounds that have only been discovered so far and are natural food pigments. The human body is unable to produce them and must obtain them from food. Soy isoflavones in soybeans, lycopene in tomatoes, catechins in green tea, carotenoids in carrots, zeaxanthin, polyphenols, etc., are all phytochemicals.   Classification […]

GST-Pull Down Technology

Introduction to protein interactions The functioning of biological systems is inextricably linked to protein-protein interactions, and important biological processes such as DNA synthesis, gene transcriptional activation, protein translation, modification and localization, and information transfer all involve the role of protein complexes. Therefore, it is particularly important to discover and verify protein-nucleic acid and protein-protein interactions […]

GST-Pull Down Technology

Introduction to protein interactions The functioning of biological systems is inextricably linked to protein-protein interactions, and important biological processes such as DNA synthesis, gene transcriptional activation, protein translation, modification and localization, and information transfer all involve the role of protein complexes. Therefore, it is particularly important to discover and verify protein-nucleic acid and protein-protein interactions […]

https://writeupcafe.com/luminex-multiplex-assay/

Mitochondria are important organelles of eukaryotic cells and play a key role in the regulation of cellular energy metabolism, biosynthesis and cell death (including apoptosis and programmed cell necrosis). In addition, mitochondria are involved in important physiological processes such as tricarboxylic acid cycle, fatty acid and amino acid oxidation, and regulation of calcium ion homeostasis. […]

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