When matched on severity of PD by motor Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) scores, Anosmia affects males more than women with PD, but this difference was not observed in healthy age-matched controls. Olfactory dysfunction corresponds with age, therefore while anosmia may be more easily detected in older individuals with Parkinson's disease, its diagnostic usefulness may be greater in younger patients with Parkinson's disease. Cigarette smokers not only have a lower incidence of Parkinson's disease, but they also have less decrease in olfactory function than nonsmokers. This is in stark contrast to the general population, where smoking is linked to decreased olfactory function.
Anosmia is a complete lack of scent. Upper respiratory infections, sinus illness (which obstructs the nasal passages), and past head trauma are the most common causes (which damages the olfactory fibers). Kallman syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) and sphenoid ridge masses are less common causes (e.g., meningioma, which causes the Foster Kennedy syndrome, i.e., ipsilateral anosmia, ipsilateral optic atrophy, and contralateral papilledema).
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