The uses of phantom rapid tissue are numerous and varied. They include the use of phantoms to help guide separation surgery and to replicate the optical properties of neonatal heads. In addition, they are used to study and analyze the effectiveness of various surgical techniques.

Agar-gels based optical phantoms

Tissue-mimicking optical phantom rapid tissue plays an essential role in the medical profession. They simulate the absorption and scattering of light on large scales, especially in applications such as deep RS measurement and lesion detection in cancer. Agar-gels-based matrices have been demonstrated to be a useful medium for modeling biological tissue in phototherapy. The properties of the agar gel mimic soft tissue and provide good radiometric and thermal properties. Moreover, they can be prepared in a simple and relatively low-cost manner.

Optical phantom rapid tissue can be classified into solid, liquid, and semi-solid. The agar gel is a nontoxic, relatively inexpensive medium that is able to maintain its stability even at high temperatures. It has been found to be a suitable substitute for soft tissue in 99mTc dosimetry. In addition, it can be used for measuring heat distribution.

The agar gel was prepared to 1% and 2.3% concentrations (water:agar). During the measurements, the attenuation coefficient (m) was determined. Then, it was tested for cumulated activity and effective atomic number. This property was compared to the values reported in the literature. Similarly, the acoustic attenuation was measured with two additives. After assessing the results, recipes for gel phantoms were developed.

These recipes were based on the measurements of the agar gel. Besides the acoustic attenuation, the temperature profile was also analyzed. The Gaussian temperature profile of the gels was plotted against time after sonication. By comparing the results of these measurements with those of the literature, we were able to deduce recipes for gel phantoms. As a result, we were able to create the soft tissue replicas.

Method

The attenuation coefficient of the gel phantom rapid was also calculated using the conjugate view method.

The difference between the results of these methods was within measurement error.Moreover, we were able to determine the mass density of the gel phantoms. Lastly, we were able to determine the acoustic power conversion efficiency.We calculated this efficiency by dividing the amount of energy converted by electric to acoustic by 50%.

Agar-gel matrices are a great way to measure the thermal and acoustic properties of various tissue phantoms. In addition to this, they are a convenient and relatively inexpensive medium for modeling biological tissue in phototherapy.

Agar-gels-based matrices are easy to prepare. Additionally, they can be stable in high temperatures for two and a half years. Consequently, they are a viable alternative for the construction of a soft tissue replica. In addition, they are able to substitute for soft tissue in 99mTc and X-ray dosimetry. However, they have disadvantages when compared to liquid and polymer-based phantoms.

Liquid phantoms are much easier to fabricate and control. Despite this, they do not allow the same level of customization as their solid counterparts. Nevertheless, they are a popular choice for medical imaging.

Phantom mimicking the optical properties of neonatal heads

Optical phantoms are important for many applications in optical imaging. They can be used for demonstrations, calibration, and comparison of instruments. The optical properties of a phantom rapid tissue should replicate those of a biological tissue. Various materials can be used for preparation of phantoms.

Intralipid is one of the most commonly used phantom  materials. It offers an inexpensive and easy way of obtaining tissue-like phantoms. Generally, it is used as an absorbing agent or a scattering agent. However, it is also known for its high stability. This makes it an ideal material for preparing phantoms. Various studies have been carried out on its properties.

A tissue-like phantom can be used to compare the performance of different instruments. Moreover, it can be useful for studying the HIFU biological effect. In addition, it can be used for assessing the focusing performance of a HIFU energy transducer. There is a need to evaluate the effect of HIFU on the focusing of soft tissue.

Optical phantoms are often made from transparent silicone or water. The material has long-term stability and is capable of being used in supine positions. Anatomically realistic dolls or anatomically accurate models can be used as the basis of the phantom. When making a phantom, it is important to mimic the therm physical and thermodynamic properties of a living tissue.

Several studies have been carried out on the optical properties of maternal and fetal tissues. These include the optical properties of fat emulsions and blood, lipids and their scattering properties, and lipid spectroscopy. Some of these studies were performed by male and female scientists.

For example, Foschum F, Michels R, and Kienle A studied the optical properties of fat emulsions. Moreover, the authors investigated the scattering properties of intralipid. Finally, the absorption coefficient of gelatin was assessed and compared with that of agar gels.

The spectroscopy of lipids is also used for biophotonics. In addition, it is often used as a hardener. To this end, studies have been conducted on lipid-10%, light-emitting diodes, and collimated transmittance measurements.

The use of a phantom rapid tissue in optical tomography is important. Diffuse optical tomography is very difficult to perform. Therefore, it has limited spatial resolution and image quality. Furthermore, it requires instrumentation that is very expensive. Therefore, it is unlikely that a spatial resolution of better than 1-2 cm will be possible with this modality.

Another technique for imaging newborn infants is difference imaging. Difference imaging uses a reference measurement of a homogeneous object with known optical properties. Using this method, images of healthy infants can be reconstructed. Also, it can be used to recover the absolute optical properties of an infant's brain.

Another tissue-mimicking phantom was developed. It was composed of 2% agar as a solidification material and India ink as a scatterer. As a result, it was able to simulate the optical properties of the scalp and skull layers. Moreover, it was able to reproduce the acoustic and thermodynamic properties of these layers.

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