Hybrid vehicles, now in their third decade, have become so commonplace that the designation is no longer an anomaly. To many people, the hybrid tag is just another model or trim designation, like XLE or Limited.

But hybrids still differ from their gasoline counterparts. Hybrids are the foundation of an “electrified” automotive pyramid that’s topped by the purely electric vehicle, or EV.

Understanding what a hybrid is—and isn’t—can be a big help when improved fuel efficiency and eco-friendliness are among the must-haves on a car shopping list.

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How Hybrids Work

A hybrid is a car, SUV or truck powered by an internal combustion engine that works in concert with an electric motor. An onboard generator produces electricity, and integral software manages its output, directing it to a battery pack. A hybrid doesn’t need to be plugged in to function, but some do offer the capability. (Those vehicles are called Plug-In Hybrids (PHEV) but are covered separately.)

The electric motor augments the gas engine and sometimes replaces it for limited periods, permitting the vehicle to run in an all-electric or EV mode for short distances.

The electric motor can also allow an automaker to reduce the size of a particular model’s gas engine to increase fuel economy relative to the identically equipped non-hybrid model. If the gas engines remain the same size, a hybrid model typically will have more power than the non-hybrid model with the same or slightly improved fuel economy.

There are two classes of hybrids, mild and full, as well as a variety of hybrid system designs.

They all work on the underlying principle that using an electric motor to assist in powering the vehicle can lessen the demands on the internal combustion engine, cutting emissions and improving fuel economy by reducing the amount of gasoline burned in that engine.