Research continues to show that plant-based and plant-forward diets may provide protective benefits for heart health while reducing the risk of certain cancers and chronic kidney disease (CKD).
Recent studies suggest that diets centered on plant foods may help lower the risk of prostate cancer and cardiovascular disease. Additional research has found that the Portfolio diet, a plant-focused eating pattern, may reduce the risk of death from heart disease. Meanwhile, a new study indicates that following a plant-forward diet may also help decrease the risk of developing chronic kidney disease.
A plant-based diet emphasizes foods derived primarily from plants. This includes fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, legumes, whole grains, and plant-based oils. Importantly, plant-based eating does not necessarily exclude meat or dairy; instead, it prioritizes plant foods while allowing flexibility.
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Evidence Linking Plant-Based Diets to Lower Disease Risk
Multiple studies have linked plant-based eating patterns to a range of health benefits. A 2024 review found that vegetarian and vegan diets were associated with a reduced risk of ischemic heart disease, prostate cancer, and gastrointestinal cancers. A separate 2025 study showed that adherence to the Portfolio diet may help lower the risk or delay the onset of cardiovascular disease and reduce overall mortality.
In addition, a study published in the Canadian Medical Association Journal reported that following the EAT-Lancet planetary health diet was associated with a lower risk of chronic kidney disease.
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Cancer Risk and Cardiometabolic Health
The 2024 review analyzed 48 studies conducted over 23 years and found strong associations between vegetarian or vegan diets and improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors. These included healthier blood lipid levels, better blood sugar control, reduced body weight and BMI, and lower levels of inflammation.
However, researchers noted several limitations, such as differences in diet composition, study duration, and participant demographics. Some nutrition experts also caution that strictly vegetarian or vegan diets may lack essential nutrients.
Registered dietitian nutritionist Faith Krisht explained that vegan and vegetarian diets are often low in key nutrients such as omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA), vitamin B12, vitamin D, and iodine. She suggested that a flexitarian diet—one that emphasizes plant-based foods while occasionally including animal products—may offer a more nutritionally balanced approach.
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Heart Health Benefits of the Portfolio Diet
A 2025 study found that moderate adherence to the Portfolio diet reduced the risk of death from cardiovascular disease by 12% and coronary heart disease by 14%. Stronger adherence led to even greater benefits, with cardiovascular mortality reduced by up to 16% and coronary heart disease mortality by 18%. Overall mortality decreased by 14% among those who followed the diet most closely.
The Portfolio diet focuses on replacing foods high in saturated fat with a “portfolio” of cholesterol-lowering foods, including:
- Plant proteins (such as soy) to help lower cholesterol
- Plant sterols to block cholesterol absorption
- Tree nuts for heart-healthy unsaturated fats
- Soluble fiber to help remove cholesterol from the body
Cardiovascular dietitian Erin Sheenan noted that these foods work together to create an additive effect that significantly lowers LDL (“bad”) cholesterol.
Plant-Based Diets and Kidney Disease Prevention
Chronic kidney disease affects approximately 10% of the global population and is projected to become one of the leading causes of death worldwide by 2040.
A large study using data from the UK Biobank followed 179,508 adults aged 40 to 69 over a median period of 12 years. During that time, 2.7% of participants developed CKD. Researchers found that greater adherence to the EAT-Lancet planetary health diet was significantly associated with a lower risk of developing CKD.
Study co-author Xianhui Qin, MD, noted that the protective effects were especially evident among individuals with limited access to green space and certain genetic factors.
The EAT-Lancet diet differs from other plant-based diets by balancing human health and environmental sustainability. It emphasizes fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole grains while allowing moderate amounts of meat and dairy and limiting added sugars and fats.
Preventive cardiovascular dietitian Michelle Routhenstein explained that plant-forward, minimally processed diets help regulate blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar—key factors in preventing kidney damage. By reducing inflammation and improving blood flow, this way of eating supports healthier kidney function and may slow the progression of chronic kidney disease.