(1.) Pre-Stone Age
(2.) Mid-Stone Age
(3.) Neolithic period
These three periods of culture came into existence one after the other, but there are very few places where the remains of all the three stages are seen. In the northern parts of the Vidhya\'s and in the Belan Valley, the three phases of pre-Paleolithic, Mid-Paleolithic and Neolithic are found in chronological order.
(1.) Pre-Paleolithic period (Paleolithic period)
The early period of human civilization has been called pre-Stone Age. It is also known as the Purolithic Age and the Upper Palaeolithic Age. The \'Homo sapien\' species of human was the creator of this culture.
Period: In India, this period began about five million years ago. Human beings in India remained in this state of culture till about ten thousand years ago. About ten thousand years before today ie 8000 BC. In, the pre-Stone Age culture came to an end.
Pre-Stone Age sites: Pre-Stone Age sites have been found in Kashmir, Sohan River Valley of Punjab (now Pakistan), Madhya Bharat, Eastern India and Southern India. Tools of this culture have also been found in the Chota Nagpur plateau. It was 1,00,000 BC Can be older. Pre-Stone Age sites have been found at about 40 places in Bihar\'s Singhbhum district. Stone-made tools of this period have also been received from Midnapore, Purulia, Bankura, Virbhum in Bengal, Mayurbhanj, Keonjhar, Sundargarh and some places in Assam. At a distance of about 55 km from Kurnool Nagar in Andhra Pradesh, such tools have been found, whose time was 25,000 BC. From 10,000 BC Is between Bone tools and animal remains have also been found with them. Tools of this era have also been found in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh. Tools of this era have also been found in the Shimoga district of Karnataka and the basin of the Malprabha River. Stone falls and other tools have also been found from Nagarjuna Konda.
Written mentions: In the Puranas, there are mentions of former Stone Age people who lived after eating tubers and mools. People living on such an old system have been present in the hilly areas and in the caves till modern times.
Shell Picture: In the hills of Vindhyachal there is a place called Bhimbetka where more than 200 caves are found. Many types of rock paintings made by humans in pre-Stone Age have been found in these caves. The number of these paintings is several thousand. Their period is believed to be one million years ago. These caves have also found the tools from which these caves must have been made and these paintings must have been engraved. More than 5000 items have been found from these caves out of which around 1500 are tools.
Fossils: Fossils of reindeer, reindeer, langur and rhinoceros have also been found from the caves of Kurnool district. These fossils belong to the pre-Stone Age. Pre-Stone Carpet tools have also been found in the area found in these fossils.
Pre-Stone Age culture and its characteristics
The human being of this period was in a complete state of terror. He was unfamiliar with human activities such as agriculture, animal husbandry, collecting. The characteristics of the culture of human beings of this period are as follows-
Resident: Historians, archaeologists and sociologists believe that the people of pre-Stone Age culture belonged to the Habshi caste. These people were black in color and short in stature. His hair was woolly and his nose was sticky. Such humans are still found in Andaman and Nicobar islands.
Tools: Humans of pre-Stone-Age culture used to make rough and crude tools of stone. He used to get stones from hard rocks and make hammers and stances etc. from them, which he used to punch, beat and pierce. These tools were rough and rough in shape. He used to hunt animals with stone tools. Wood and bones were used in these tools of stone, there were also tools of wood and bones, but now they have been destroyed.
Habitat: The human of pre-stone-culture did not remain stable in any one place, but wherever he hoped to get hunting, bulbs, origin, fruits etc. went there. He used to take shelter of tall trees and mountain caves in the forests situated on the banks of rivers to avoid natural asymmetries and wild animals. As the understanding developed, the humans of this era started to build tree huts and tree huts.
Diet: The people of pre-Stone Age culture were completely dependent on nature for their livelihood. They used to hunt wild animals to get food and catch fish from the rivers. The root and fruits found in the forests were also their staple food.
Agriculture: The human culture of pre-stone-culture was not known to do agriculture.
Animal Husbandry: From the remains of domestic animals found in the Belan Valley of Uttar Pradesh\'s Mirzapur district, it is estimated that around 25,000 BC. Goats, sheep and cow-buffalo etc. were reared around.
Clothing: Human beings of the pre-Stone-Age culture were completely naked. In order to avoid natural asymmetries, they must have started covering their bodies with the leaves of trees, bark and skin of animals.
Social organization: The human beings of the pre-Stone Age culture lived. Each group will have a leader, under whose leadership they will travel from one place to another in search of food and hunting.
Carcass Immersion: It is estimated that in the early period of pre-Stone Age culture, dead bodies were left in the forest in the same way that animals and birds ate them. Later, on developing a sense of responsibility towards the dead bodies, they used to paint the dead bodies in red and bury them in the earth.
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